Workers' Comp

问药剂师:探索药品市场独占性和仿制药可用性

May 8, 2023
4 MIN READ

Spencer Sherman, Pharm.D.

Clinical Pharmacist, Pharmacy Solutions

When do drugs become generic?

When drugs are first introduced, 根据具体的药物,它们只能作为品牌名称在不同的时间内使用. 个人通常想知道仿制药什么时候会发布 brand name medications to hopefully reduce the price of the medication. To better understand this, 首先了解将新药推向市场的过程是很重要的.

When a drug manufacturer develops an idea for a new drug, 他们采取的第一步是为他们将用作药物活性成分的化合物或物质申请专利. These patents are filed through and reviewed by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 如果FDA批准该专利,公司将获得20年的专利期限. 在接下来的20年里,制造公司将开始开发药物的各个方面,并最终开始临床试验,以证明安全性和有效性. 一旦完成,FDA将再次审查所有信息和研究结果. When the FDA believes the medication is safe and effective, they will approve it for use, 然后制药公司被允许销售他们的药物.

When a drug first comes to market, FDA允许该公司以品牌名义独家销售其药物,而其他公司在一定时间内不得生产仿制药. This is called market exclusivity. 这是为了让制药公司有时间在其他公司推出竞争性仿制药之前收回多年来研发药物的成本.

市场独占权的时间框架有很大的范围,这取决于许多情况. 大多数药物的市场独占性来自其最初的20年专利的剩余时间. For example, if the company completes the development, research, and FDA approval and launches the drug to market in 12 years, they will still have eight years left on the 20-year patent. 在8年的时间框架内,没有其他公司可以生产或销售通用版本. 如果药物符合FDA设定的某些标准,也可以分配额外的时间.

The Orphan Drug Act 鼓励制药公司开发治疗罕见疾病的药物, 这只会影响一小部分人,否则可能没有利润. If a drug qualifies for orphan drug status, which includes treating diseases affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S., it can receive seven years of market exclusivity. During this period, 药品生产企业对特定条件的药品具有专有权生产和销售, 使他们能够收回研发成本. 这项规定鼓励为罕见病和治疗选择有限的疾病开发药物.

如果公司挑战FDA的决定,市场独占权也可以延长或缩短. 此外,还有其他方法可以延长药物的市场独占性. For example, OxyContin, which is branded oxycodone ER, has been around since the late 1990s, but it still doesn’t have a true generic equivalent. 奥施康定在2010年改变了配方,以防止滥用, and in doing so, the oxycodone ER generic was no longer equivalent. 鉴于此,奥施康定目前仍未获得真正授权的仿制药. 像这样的配方变更是药品如何扩大其市场独占性的一个常见例子.

Once the market exclusion is over, 其他公司也可以生产仿制药,对个人和亚博真人官方版APP来说,价格有时会大幅下降. 新批准药品的市场独占期平均超过12年. 因此,可能需要相当长的一段时间才能出现一种新的创新药物. 如果您对特定药物有疑问,并想知道什么时候可以获得仿制药, reach out to us at AskThePharmacist@dmitrienko.net 我们的团队会做研究,收集所需的信息,以最好地回答你的问题.

This information is meant to serve as a general overview, 任何具体的问题或担忧都应该与你的医疗保健专业人员,如开处方的医生或配药的药剂师进行更全面的审查.

你有工伤赔偿或与汽车相关的药品问题吗? Send us an email at AskThePharmacist@dmitrienko.net

To read more Ask The Pharmacist articles, please visit dmitrienko.net/ask-the-pharmacist.

 

References:

http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/journal-article/2017/sep/determinants-market-exclusivity-prescription-drugs-united#:~:text=The%20time%20remaining%20on%20a,for%20a%2020%2Dyear%20patent.
http://www.fda.gov/drugs/development-approval-process-drugs/frequently-asked-questions-patents-and-exclusivity